Non-proliferative retinopathy is characterized by which features?

• A. Neovascularization with scar formation
• B. Cotton-wool spots
• C. Optic disc edema
• D. Hemorrhages and exudates

Answer: (D)

Non-proliferative retinopathy shows retinal damage from leaking damaged capillaries without new vessel growth. The clearest signs are hemorrhages from fragile vessels and hard exudates where lipids leak into the retina. This combination reflects leakage and lipid deposition typical of this stage. Cotton-wool spots can also appear due to localized nerve fiber layer ischemia, but the presence of hemorrhages with exudates is the most characteristic pattern for non-proliferative disease. Signs of neovascularization with scar formation would indicate progression to a proliferative stage, which is not part of the non-proliferative picture. Optic disc edema is not a defining feature of this stage.