Which statement best describes type 1 diabetes?

• A. Autoimmune in origin
• B. Insulin resistance with relative deficiency
• C. Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency
• D. Gestational diabetes

Answer: (A)

Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic beta cells, which produce insulin. Because these cells are destroyed, the body makes little to no insulin, resulting in an absolute insulin deficiency that typically requires lifelong insulin therapy. This autoimmune origin sets it apart from other forms of diabetes.

In contrast, insulin resistance with relative deficiency describes type 2 diabetes, where the body still makes insulin but tissues don’t respond well to it, and insulin production may be inadequate over time. Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency involves problems with digestive enzyme production from the exocrine pancreas and does not primarily cause the hyperglycemia seen in type 1. Gestational diabetes is a distinct condition that arises due to pregnancy-related hormonal changes causing increased insulin resistance and usually resolves after delivery.

Thus, the autoimmune destruction of beta cells best captures the nature of type 1 diabetes.